These examples and more are available at. ![]() Two recent examples are: the world’s largest logistics company redesigned its overnight delivery network which was estimated to yield savings of more than 270 million United States dollars (US$) and a global automobile manufacturer streamlined its prototype vehicle testing, saving US$ 250 million annually. Since then its use has spread, often providing big returns on investment. Operational research originated in the military arena with the design of an integrated information and control system for the British air force in World War II, work which was estimated to have doubled the efficacy of its fighter command. Operational research (also known as operations research) and management science have made major contributions in improving organization and delivery in many fields of human activity. 2 Penetrating the “fog of delivery” clearly presents a major global health research challenge. ![]() 1 Since then, successive reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) have expressed the need for improvements in organization and delivery and have called for research, both on particular interventions and on entire health systems. ![]() The historic international health conference at Alma-Ata in 1978 first identified the need for research on “operation, control and evaluation problems” in primary health care.
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